DUNYO MIGRATSIYA SIYOSATIDAGI GLOBAL TRENDLAR VA UNING ISTIQBOLLARI
Abstract
Xalqaro migratsiya XX asr oxiri va XXI asr boshlarida jahon ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jarayonlarining eng muhim tarkibiy qismlaridan biriga aylandi. Dunyo bo‘ylab 280 milliondan ortiq xalqaro migrantning mavjudligi bu hodisaning global miqyosdagi ahamiyatini yaqqol namoyon etadi [1]. Migratsiya nafaqat individual qarorlar natijasi, balki makroiqtisodiy, siyosiy va demografik jarayonlarning mahsulidir.
Zamonaviy dunyoda migratsiya siyosati murakkab va ko‘p qirrali muammoga aylangan. Bir tomondan, rivojlangan mamlakatlarning “qarishi” va mehnat taqchilligi muammolari bilan kurashmoqda; boshqa tomondan, rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlar o‘z fuqarolarining xorijga ketishidan olingan foyda va yo‘qotishlarni muvozanatlashtirish bilan band. De Haas (2010) ta’kidlaganidek, migratsiya siyosatini to‘g‘ri shakllantirish barcha manfaatdor tomonlar uchun “win-win” natijasini ta’minlashi mumkin [2].
Ushbu tezisning maqsadi — jahon migratsiya siyosatidagi asosiy global trendlarni tahlil qilish, ularning evolyutsiyasini kuzatish, turli mintaqalar va mamlakatlar tajribasini o‘rganish va kelajakdagi istiqbollarni baholashdan iborat. O‘zbekiston uchun bu masala ayniqsa dolzarb, chunki mamlakat saqlab qolgan migratsiya oqimlari hajmi va diversifikatsiyasi yangi yondashuvlarni talab qilmoqda.
Migratsiyani tushuntiruvchi bir qancha nazariy yondashuvlar mavjud bo‘lib, ular global migratsiya siyosatini shakllantirishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Klassik neoklassik nazariya migratsiyani ish haqi farqlari bilan tushuntirib, migrantlarni ratsional iqtisodiy subyektlar sifatida ko‘radi [3]. Biroq bu nazariya migratsiyaning ijtimoiy va madaniy omillarini to‘liq hisobga olmaydi.
References
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